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parallel lines (segments, rays) (1) Lines (segments, rays) that are the same distance apart, no matter how far extended, and that never meet.
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parallelogram (1) A quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel sides and opposite sides of equal lengths.
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pattern (K) An arrangement of objects so one can predict what will come next if the arrangement is continued, such as head, toe, head, toe,________ or blue, red, red, blue, red,________.
pentagon (1) A 5-sided polygon.
percent (%) (2) Per hundred, or out of a hundred. 1% means or 0.01; 15% means or 0.15.
Example: “48% of the students in the school are boys" means that out of every 100 students in the school, 48 are boys.
perfect number (4) A number in which the sum of all its proper factors is equal to the number itself.
Example: 6 is a perfect number because when you add its proper factors the answer is equal to 6: 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
perimeter (2) The distance around a two-dimensional shape.
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perpendicular (4) Two rays, lines, or line segments that form right angles are said to be perpendicular to each other.
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pie (circle) graph (3) A graph that uses a circle divided into parts to show the parts of a set of data. The circle represents the whole set of data.
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place value (1) The value of a digit in a number is determined by its position. Each place has a value ten times that of the place to its right and one-tenth the value of the place to its left.
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plane (3) A flat surface that extends forever.
point (1) An exact location in space. A point has no size. Points are usually shown as a dot labeled by a capital letter.
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| polygon (1) A closed two-dimensional figure consisting of line segments (sides) connected endpoint to endpoint. |
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polyhedra dice (1) A three-dimensional solid with varying numbers of faces (i.e., 4, 6, 10, 20). Used in Everyday Mathematics to generate numbers for games.
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| polyhedron (1) A 3-dimensional shape, whose surfaces (faces) are all flat. Each face consists of a polygon and the interior of the polygon. |
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| pound (lb.) (1) In the U.S. customary system, a unit of weight that is equivalent to 16 ounces.
power (3) A product of factors that are all the same. 5 x 5 x 5 (or 125) is called 5 to the third power, or the third power of 5, because 5 is a factor three times. 5 x 5 x 5 can also be written as 53.
powers of 10 (4) Written in exponential notation, the exponent shows how many times 10 is a factor.
Example: 100 is equal to 10 x 10 or 102 (exponential notation). 100 is called ten squared, the second power of 10, or 10 to the second power.
precision (of a scale) (3) Accuracy. The smaller the unit, or fraction of a unit used, the more precise the scale.
prime factorization (4) The longest factor string for a number. It is made up of prime numbers only.
prime number (3) A whole number greater than 1 that has exactly two whole-number factors, 1 and itself. A prime number is only divisible by 1 and itself. The first five prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11. See also composite number.
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| prism (K) A polyhedron with two parallel faces (called bases) that are the same size and shape. Prisms are classified according to the shape of the two parallel bases. The faces (sides) of a prism are always parallelograms, and often rectangles. |
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| probability A number from 0 to 1 that indicates the likelihood that something (an event) will happen. The closer a probability is to 1, the more likely it is that an event will happen. An event with a probability of 0 is impossible. An event with a probability of 1 is a certainty.
product (2) The result of doing multiplication. In the number model "4 x 3 = 12," 12 is the product.
proper factor (4) All the factors of a number except the number itself.
Example: The factors for the number 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10. The proper
factors are 1, 2, and 5.
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| protractor (4) A device for measuring or drawing angles. The vertex of the angle should be at the center of the protractor and one side of the angle along the base line of the protractor. |
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| pyramid (1) A polyhedron in which one face (the base) is a polygon and the other faces are formed by triangles with a common vertex (the apex). A pyramid is classified according to the shape of its base. |
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| quadrangle or quadrilateral (1) A polygon with four sides.
quadruple (2) Four times an amount.
quotient (2) The result after dividing one number by another number; the number of equal shares. In the division number model "11 ÷ 5 = 2 r1," 2 is the quotient.
quadrillion (4) A digit(s) followed by 15 whole-number places. Quadrillion written in number form is 1,000,000,000,000,000 or in exponential form 1015.
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R
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| radius (4) A line segment from the center of a circle (or sphere) to any point on the circle (or sphere); also, the length of such a line segment. |
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| random number (3) A number that has the same chance of appearing as any other number.
range (1) The difference between the maximum and the minimum in a set of data.
rate (3) A comparison of two quantities with unlike units.
rational number (4) Any number that can be represented in form  , where a and b are integers and b is not 0.
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| ray (3) A straight path that extends infinitely from a point, called its endpoint. A ray is named by its endpoint and another point on the ray. |
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| rectangle (1) A parallelogram with four right angles.
rectangular prism (1) A prism whose faces are all rectangles.
rectangular pyramid (1) A pyramid, the base of which is a rectangle.
reflection (4) "Flipping" a picture or object so that its image is the mirror opposite of the original.
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| reflex angle (4) An angle whose measure is between 180° and 360°. |
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regular polygon (1) A convex polygon in which all sides are the same length and all angles are the same size.
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regular polyhedron (1) A polyhedron with all faces the same shape and same size. There are five regular polyhedrons:
tetrahedron: 4 faces, each formed by an equilateral triangle
cube: 6 faces, each formed by a square.
octahedron: 8 faces, each formed by an equilateral triangle.
dodecahedron: 12 faces, each formed by a regular pentagon
icosahedron: 20 faces, each formed by an equilateral triangle.
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remainder (2) The amount left over when things are divided into equal shares. In the division number model "16 ÷ 3 = 5 r1" the remainder is 1.
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| rhombus (K) A parallelogram whose sides are all the same length. |
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| right triangle (1) A triangle that has a 90° (right) angle. |
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| rotation (3) A turn around a center point or axis.
rote counting (K) Reciting numbers in order from memory.
rounding (1) Replacing a number with a nearby number that is easier to work with or better reflects the precision of the data.
Example: 12,964 rounded to the nearest thousand is 13,000.
row (1) A horizontal arrangement of objects or numbers in an array or table.
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